glp-1 agonists mechanism of action Emerging Frontiers in GLP-1 Therapeutics: A Comprehensive Evidence Base (2025)

The most intensive medical obesity therapy in the pipeline is retatrutide. Retatrutide is the "triple G," a glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP 1), and glucagon receptor agonist. It has demonstrated robust blood GLP 1 agonists and changes in body mass and composition in adults with overweight or obesity with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta analysis International Journal of Obesity Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP 1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double blind, placebo and active controlled, parallel group, phase 2 trial conducted in the USA The Lancet This review summarizes how GLP 1 and dual GIP GLP 1 receptor agonists act at the cellular level and their therapeutic applications in metabolic diseases like type 2 diabetes and obesity, highlighting advances in incretin based GLP 1 Drugs and Ocular Disease: Between Neuroprotection and Risk Media MICE Pearls for the initial evaluation and diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis Clinical presentation varies with nonspecific symptoms ranging in severity Consider calculating delta:delta ratio to assess for mixed acid base